Abdominal aortic aneurysm

Definition

An abdominal aortic aneurysm is when the large blood vessel that supplies blood to the abdomen, pelvis, and legs becomes abnormally large or balloons outward.

Alternative Names

Aneurysm - aortic

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

The exact cause is unknown, but risk factors for developing an aortic aneurysm include:

• Emphysema
• Genetic factors
• High blood pressure
• High cholesterol
• Obesity
• Male gender
• Smoking

An abdominal aortic aneurysm can develop in anyone, but is most often seen in males over 60 who have one or more risk factors. The larger the aneurysm, the more likely it is to rupture.

When an abdominal aortic aneurysm ruptures, it is a true medical emergency. Aortic dissection occurs when the innermost lining of the artery tears and blood leaks into the wall of the artery. This most commonly occurs in the aorta within the chest.

Symptoms

Aneurysms develop slowly over many years and often have no symptoms. If an aneurysm expands rapidly, tears open (ruptured aneurysm), or blood leaks along the wall of the vessel (aortic dissection), symptoms may develop suddenly.

The symptoms of rupture include:

• Abdominal mass
• Abdominal rigidity
• Anxiety
• Clammy skin
• Nausea and vomiting
• Pain in the abdomen or back -- severe, sudden, persistent, or constant. The pain may radiate to groin, buttocks, or legs.
• Pulsating sensation in the abdomen
• Rapid heart rate when rising to a standing position
• Shock

Signs and tests

Your doctor will examine your abdomen. The exam also will include an evaluation of pulses and sensation in your legs.

Abdominal aortic aneurysm may be diagnosed with these tests:

• Abdominal ultrasound
• Angiography of aorta
• CT scan of abdomen